SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN CONSERVATION AREA OF TELUK KELUMPANG NATURE RESERVE

Mangrove forest area of 98,494.6 ha (72.86%) is distributed in Kotabaru Regency. Based on the forest status, the mangrove forest consists of a nature reserve zone covering an area of 66,487.5 ha (67.50%), production forests 3,510.4 ha (3.57%), and area for other uses 28,496.7 ha (28.93%) (BKSDA, 2008 the Ministry of Forestry, 2009; Sirang et al., 2010). The purpose of this study was to find out the spatial distribution of mangrove ecosystem in Teluk Kelumpang Nature Reserve. The study was conducted using a remote sensing technology (Landsat 7 ETM + 2012 (Path/Row: 117/063) to obtain data of the extent, and the distribution of mangrove forest species in Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve. The measurement of mangrove vegetation was to find out the potency and characteristics of mangrove forest stands. The results showed that the potential vegetation in the area of Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve was R. apiculata, R. mucronata and B. gymnorhiza. Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve is divided into two zones. The first zone is proximal zone (50 m 100 m from coastline), a zone dominated by R. apiculata and R. mucronata plants. The second is middle zone, a mixed zone comprising B. gymnorhiza, X. granatum, C. decandra, and N. fruticans, with the area of > 100 m 500 m from the river line


INTRODUCTION
Teluk Kelumpang Nature Reserve is located in Kotabaru Regency, South Kalimantan Province, defined by the Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. 435/Menhut-II/2009, on July 23, 2009, with an area of ± 29,925.74ha.Teluk Kelumpang is included as the mangrove forest conservation zone.It is 30.38% of the total area of mangrove forests in Kotabaru Regency.About 45.01% of the mangrove forests is part of the forest conservation area (Conservation Center of Natural Resources, 2008;the Ministry of Forestry, 2009).
Mangrove forest is a natural resource in coastal area with the functions for production, protection and nature conservation.Mangrove forest ecosystem is very unique because it serves as the interface between the terrestrial and marine ecosystems.Its role is very huge for people living in coastal areas, in terms of both ecology and economy (Bengen, 2004;BPDAS Barito, 2006;Anwar & Gunawan, 2007;Harahab, 2010).
Given the importance of these areas for the welfare of communities, the natural resources need to be managed and developed in accordance with their functions and characteristics.The utilization of mangrove forests need to be managed in a planned and sustainable manner.The planning efforts that can be applied and ensure sustainability should be in accordance with the management scheme based on the information data on the extent and condition of stands which include the species composition and distribution.
The objective of this study was to find out the spatial distribution of mangrove forest ecosystem in Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve to support the preservation of mangrove ecosystem.
The particular objectives of the study were: 1. to find out the distribution of species composition in mangrove forests at Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve.2. to identify the spatial distribution patterns of mangrove forest ecosystem in the conservation zone.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Site.This study was conducted in the conservation area of mangrove forests in Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve, Kotabaru Regency, South Kalimantan.The mangrove forest has an area of ± 29,925.74ha, and is geographically located at 2°42'16" to 3°6'8" south latitude (9,690.56mU -9,656,294 mU), and 116°15' to 116°19'01" East (391.775mT -420.369mT), (BKSDA, 2008).Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve is located along the coast of Teluk Kelumpang Tengah, which is 350 km from Banjarmasin city and 15 km from the capital city of Kotabaru Regency (Figure 1).Data Collecting Methods.The types of data required in this study were divided into two, primary and secondary data.Primary data were collected directly from the study site.The secondary data were derived from literature, journal articles, results of previous studies related to the study conducted (Sugiyono, 2009).The primary data were obtained using a remote sensing technology to obtain data on the extent and map interpretation by reviewing the identification of Landsat 7 ETM + 2012 (Path/Row: 117/063).The results of data processing showed the areas of the cover extent and species composition distribution in mangrove forests at Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve.
Data Analysis.The inventory and identification of mangrove forest species in plots included the names of tree species with their growth stages (seedling, sapling, and tree), diameter measurement of tree (to determine the diameter distribution of each species), tree height, number of each tree species and tree density at each extent.
The plots were made straight from coastline to inland.The plots were made in alternate transects along the line with a size of 10 m x 10 m for the tree stage, 5 m x 5 m for sapling stage, and 2 m x 2 m for seedling stage, to the end line of the mangrove forest in inland.The example of lines and plots is presented in Figure 2.  Spatial distribution pattern is a method of mapping the distribution of mangrove forest species by natural boundaries to identify the structure of mangrove forests.The distribution of mangrove forests was carried out horizontally and vertically using class of diameter (5 cm interval) and class of tree height (1 m interval).Meanwhile, the determination of the vertical distribution was performed visually by creating illustration of mangrove forest cross-sections in Teluk Kelumpang nature service.Data used in this analysis came from the observation and documentation in the field, with visual description, types, characteristics and condition of mangrove forests in Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve.
Horizontal spatial distribution pattern illustrated the distribution of mangrove forest species based on the physical characteristic (canopy) on the entire mangrove forest.This distribution pattern can be visualized in a map of the distribution of mangrove forest species.

Distribution of Mangrove Forest Species in Teluk Kelumpang Nature Reserve
The results of identification and classification showed that Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve had an area of ± 29,925.74ha (MoF, 2009), consisting of primary mangrove forest; secondary mangrove forest; plantation; dry land agriculture; swamp shrubs; ponds and open land (BPDAS Barito, 2006;Sirang et al., 2010).The land covers were dominated by secondary mangrove forest (41.29%) and primary mangrove forest (27.87%) of the total Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve area.
The making of lines (transects) from coast to inland in this study was to describe the distribution of mangrove vegetation formation.The plots were made in the alternate intersects along the line with a size of 10 m x 10 m for tree stage, 5 m x 5 m for sapling stage, and 2 m x 2 m for seedling stage.The measurement process of mangrove species is shown in Figure 3.  (Sudjarmaji, 2003).
Among the three dominant tree species, R. apiculata was the species with the average diameter 27 cm; the smallest 10 cm and the largest 49 cm.Overall, the mangrove forest vegetation at all stages of growth had the smallest diameter 12 cm and the largest 57 cm.The diameter distribution of mangrove forest with more trees was < 18 cm while the diameter distribution of mangrove forest vegetation with fewest number of trees was > 37 cm.R. apiculata and R. mucronata are mostly found in many locations in primary and secondary mangrove forests.The primary mangrove forest is widely spread at the coastal bays in Kelumpang Tengah Subdistrict while the secondary mangrove forest in Kelumpang Hulu Sub-district, and they dominate the regions.The mangrove ecosystems are dominated by mangrove tree species (Rhizophora spp), and typical shrubs that can grow in salty or brackish waters (Supriharyono, 2000;Santoso, 2002;Bengen, 2004;Sofia, 2004;Onrizal, 2008).

Spatial Distribution of Mangrove Forests in Teluk Kelumpang Nature Reserve
Spatial distribution pattern can provide information on vegetation composition at the transect lines illustrated by horizontal crosssection.The cross-section can horizontally describe the distribution of the vegetation composition and establish the zonation according to the vegetation types.Species distribution of vegetation composition of mangrove forests in Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve was based on the diameter and height of trees, the distance between vegetation, and the distance of vegetation to the riverbank or coastline.
Based on observations and analysis, R. apiculata is a vegetation species with taproots that can grow well in wet, muddy, and sandy soil (Sudarmadji, 2003).These characteristics correspond to the ecosystem condition where R. apiculata, that could reach 6 m in height, grew in Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve.In general, the smallest tree diameter of the vegetation at all growth stages was 12 cm and the largest 57 cm.The distribution of the greatest number of trees dominating Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve was the trees with a diameter of < 18 cm.The least number of trees was the trees with larger diameter.This condition showed that the number of largediameter trees (> 37 cm) was likely to decline when their diameter increased.This was due to illegal logging in some parts of Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve.Moreover, smallsized vegetation competed with each other during the growth development, and the vegetation that unsuccessfully grew larger would be eliminated (Sudarmadji, 2003).The distribution is presented in Figure 4.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Diameter distribution of mangrove vegetation in Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Vertical cross-section of mangrove forest zonation in Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve CONCLUSIONS Potential vegetation species in the area of Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve are R. apiculata, R. mucronata and B. gymnorhiza.The mangrove forests in Teluk Kelumpang nature reserve are divided into two zonations.The first zonation is proximal zone, the zone dominated by R. apiculata and R. mucronata species, with the zonation of 50 m -100 m from the coastline and riverbank.The second zonation is middle zone, the mixed zone consisting of B. gymnorhiza, X. granatum, C. decandra, and N. fruticans, with the zonation of > 100 m -500 m from of the river line and coastline.